The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses Free Essays

The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses Among the various entries canvassed in The Metamorphoses of Ovid, there are numerous accounts with respect to the starting points of the Earth, the exercises of the Roman divine beings, and some of Rome’s critical rulers and authors. Inside every one of these accounts, Ovid infuses a general thought that can be detracted from the content. A large number of these general thoughts are subjects and exercises, yet in addition there are expressions that are delineated to the peruser, for example, verse, singing, or weaving. We will compose a custom paper test on The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now One thought specifically that Ovid depicts is the craft of Rhetoric in Greco-Roman culture. Talk was utilized in Greco-Roman culture regularly as a methods for assembling words in a specific request to convince or illuminate your crowd regarding a particular thought. The two stories with respect to the conversation among Ajax and Ulysses over Achilles reinforcement epitomizes the possibility of talk. Ovid utilizes the scenes of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen f the Metamorphoses to represent to the perusers the craft of talk. Ovid draws upon past writings shrouded in class, for example, Homer’s Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid to shape a portion of his accounts in the Metamorphoses. In any case, Ovid’s style of composing is very different than that of Homer and Virgil. Homer and Virgil both expound on post Trojan War occasions, however from two alternate points of view, the Greeks and the Trojans separately. In spite of their distinction in context, their style is the equivalent in that the two of them center around the glorification of war. The two of them depict fierce occasions strikingly and offer acclaim to war legends. Ovid, then again, discusses certain parts in the Odyssey and the Aeneid that Homer and Virgil didn't talk about, for example, the salvage of Achaemenides, the crew member Ulysses abandoned on the island of Polyphemus, in book fourteen. Ovid appears to excuse the glorification of war and quickly ignore savage scenes or depict them in an alternate, increasingly amusing, way. Or maybe Ovid centers around expressions of the human experience of Greco-Roman culture. Ovid centers around accounts of Mythology concerning verse, singing, creating, and even the craft of talk. Talk is â€Å"the study and practice of successful communication,† (Nordquist). There are three kinds of talk utilized: epideictic, legal, and deliberative. These three parts of talk can be utilized in different manners to impart to your crowd. Epideictic talk is the remembrance or fault of a person. Epideictic talk is frequently utilized in â€Å"funeral discourses, tribute, graduation and retirement addresses, letters of suggestion, and assigning talks at political conventions,† (Nordquist). Legal talk is â€Å"primarily utilized by attorneys in preliminaries chose by an appointed authority or jury,† (Nordquist). Deliberative talk is the utilization of correspondence to convince or prevent an individual or crowd of an announcement or activity. Ovid doesn't just utilize the three parts of talk be that as it may, he likewise shows the utilization of a strategy called intensification and minimization through Ajax and Ulysses which is basically enhancing acceptable characteristics and limiting terrible characteristics. The procedure of enhancement and minimization goes connected at the hip with deliberative and epideictic talk. Ovid utilizes every one of the three parts of talk in his accounts of Ajax and Ulysses to exhibit their contentions and to delineate the craft of talk itself. The greater part of Ovid’s outline of talk is contained inside the narratives of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen. After the Trojan War is finished, the Greeks put aside Achilles’ reinforcement and choose, through a discussion, who the recipient of the defensive layer will be. The two in banter over the covering are Ajax and Ulysses. Both utilize deliberative talk as their methods for convincing the crowd to conclude who will keep the defensive layer, however they utilize different branches also to fortify their contention. The conversation between the two in general is a deliberative and legal talk fight, however both utilize epideictic talk to reinforce their positions. Ajax is the first to introduce his contention. Quickly Ajax utilizes epideictic talk by defaming Ulysses’ activities, â€Å"he was one who didn't spare a moment to beat retreat when he had to confront the lights Hector tossed, while I withstood those lethal blazes: the armada was just safeguarded as a result of me,† (Ovid 427). Ajax gives proof that Ulysses was a quitter by uncovering his retreat despite Hector. He additionally utilizes enhancement and minimization to show how adverse it was that Ulysses fled, and how extraordinary it was that Ajax held his position. Ajax at that point utilizes another epideictic articulation when he gets his legacy: And regardless of whether you were to question my boldness, it’s I who guarantee the nobler genealogy. I am the child of Telamon, the companion who helped the solid Hercules obliterate the dividers of Troy and, at that point, in Jason’s transport, cruised off and arrived at the inaccessible bank of Colchis. Also, Telamon was conceived of Aeacus, who is an adjudicator whitin the quiet worldâ€precisely in where Sisyphus, the child of Aeolus, must battle with the heaviness of his incredible stone; and Aeacus was conceived of Joveâ€as Jove himself concedes. (Ovid 427-428) Once again Ajax draws upon a component that will expand his deservingness. All through the remainder of his introduction, Ajax constantly utilizes epideictic talk to honor his activities and malign those of Ulysses. The utilization of just one element of the three parts of talk by Ajax shows that the body of his introduction is offending Ulysses. This debilitates Ajax’s contention, â€Å"Many novice rhetors consider banter a ‘us-versus-them’ kind of issue, and that the perusers who differ are the foe whose second rate contentions must be ground into the earth. In like manner, they erroneously accept that criticizing or assaulting these mixed up convictions is the best method to ‘win’ the argument,† (Wheeler). The consistent affront reduce in an incentive in their various amounts. Ulysses is lucky to introduce after Ajax. Ajax is off guard in light of his enthusiasm to introduce first. This allows Ulysses to assemble his contention and furthermore turn what Ajax says against him. Ulysses starts in an alternate way. Ulysses establishes the pace of dismalness by reviewing Achilles, â€Å"If things had gone as you and I had wished, o Greeks, we would cap ask who ought to prevail to this uncommon weaponry; Achilles, you’d still have your arms, and we would even now have you,† (Ovid 432). Ulysses utilizes epideictic talk not to devalue Ajax’s deeds, yet to respect Achilles as one does at a burial service. Not long after Ulysses respects Achilles, he starts to reinforce his picture through increasingly epideictic talk similarly as Ajax did. Ulysses draws upon his own genealogy on page 433 professing to be descendent of Jove as well as Mercury also. He likewise limits Ajax’s heredity by guaranteeing that one of Ajax’s progenitors was a banished criminal. Ulysses at that point proceeds onward to state, â€Å"Just judge by deedsâ€and deeds alone . . . it’s just one’s worth that weighs,† (Ovid 433). Ulysses routs Ajax’s contention about his family relationship to Achilles, however then cases that the victor ought to be dictated by his activities not his outside merchandise. Aristotle, in Nicomachean Ethics, discusses the significance of outer merchandise, however he says that the products of the brain (deeds and activities) are progressively significant. So Ulysses proceeds to give a bunch of good deeds he has performed, for example, persuading Achilles to come back to fight, going as a diplomat into Troy to attempt to arrange the arrival of Helen, the arrangement for the Trojan pony, and inducing the warriors and Ajax with fearlessness when they ere near the precarious edge of retreat. As a sum, Ajax is just ready to spill affront and discussion down about Ulysses, however Ulysses can battle all of Ajax’s abuse and turn them against him. Additionally going second plays into Ulysses’ favor since Ajax has no open door for counter while Ulysses does. In this manner Ulysses is proclaimed the victor of the contention and wins based on his expository abilities. Ovid offers more appreciation to the fight between two rhetors than he does to two warriors obviously through the extraordinary detail he goes into in the conversation among Ulysses and Ajax. Rather than portraying incredible fierce fight scenes, he delineates an extraordinary talk contention between two people. Ovid quickly addresses the Trojan War itself, yet takes incredible measure in delineating the utilization of talk in the conversation after the War. List of sources Ovid, Metamorphoses Nordquist, Richard. About. com, â€Å"Rhetoric. † Accessed November 28, 2011. http://sentence structure. about. com/od/rs/g/rhetoricterm. htm. Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. â€Å"Rhetoric. † Last changed September 26,2011. Gotten to November 28, 2011. http://web. cn. edu/kwheeler/resource_rhet. html. The most effective method to refer to The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses, Papers

Ozone Essays - Gases, Greenhouse Gases, Ultraviolet Radiation

Ozone Ozone gets from the greek word ozein which intends to smell. It was first found in 1839 by Christian Friedrick Schonbein who saw it as a result of its particular bitter smell. He found this at the College of Basel in Switzerland. Ozone is only oxygen, however not the type we breath. Ozone, O3 has three mixes while oxygen has just two. Ozone is reac-tive, which means it doesn't remain still, and needs to return to its unique state, with two mixes, O2. This is the reason ozone is hurtful. Ozone consistently needs to relinquish its third compound, and if this compound responds with different substances, it could be harming, particularly to people. While examining with the ozone layer, one should know the four significant environment levels on earth. The troposphere which is among zero and fifteen kilometers in elevation and has gum based paint ture ranges from two hundred to 200 ninety kelvins. The second is the stratosphere which ranges from fifteen to approxi-mately fifty kilometers in height furthermore, has temperature ranges from 200 to 200 fifty kelvins. The third level in the environment is mesosphere. This level extents from fifty to eighty-five kilometers in height and has temperature ranges between one hundred eighty and 200 fifty kelvins. At long last, the thermosphere is the last level in the climate. It's range is eighty-five to one hundred forty kilometers and furthermore temperatures as high as 400 sixty kelvins. Society has been broadly tended to with the numerous issues that we are having in our condition today. A significant issue is that of CFCs. CFC represents Chlorofluorocarbons which are found in a large number of the vaporized splash jars. In December of 1973, Rowland and Molina found that CFCs can demolish the ozone in the stratosphere. In June 1975, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) sued the Purchasers Product Safety Commission for a band of CFCs utilized in vaporized splash jars. US's fifth biggest makers of airborne splashes declared that they will decrease the measure of CFCs utilized in there items. However, as things began to improve, The Consumer Product Safety Commission dismissed NRDC's claim in July expressing that there was inadequate proof towards the measure of mischief the CFCs were doing to the ozone layer. On September 1976, a report was discharged which re-authorized Rowland and Molina's speculation, yet in addition expressed that the administer ment activity on CFC guidelines ought to be delayed. This report likewise expressed that the CFCs can start climatic changes and add to the warming of the world's environment, i.e., the nursery impact. May 1977, a few government organizations declared joint intends to confine, in any case, not take out employments of CFCs in vaporized splash jars. Be that as it may, on February of the next year, the administration chose to defer the guidelines on CFCs utilized in refrigeration, cooling, solvents, and other modern procedures. With all the new guidelines taking effect and being deferred, nothing was getting practiced, yet at long last, on October 1978, mist concentrates where restricted in the United States. August of 1981, satellite pictures indicated that more than one percent of the ozone was lost because of CFCs. At that point, in October of 1984, explore gatherings discovered a 40% loss of ozone over Antarctica. In August of 1985, satellite photographs affirmed the presence of an ozone gap over Antarctica. Despite the fact that many were attempting to lessen the measure of CFCs in their items, there were still some out there who needed to make the quick buck. February 1988, three US representatives asked Du Pont to quit making CFCs however the executive denied the mentioned. After three weeks, the director consents to ease assembling of synthetics, however just when substitutes were accessible. Eight of every a million of the generally dispersed atoms are ozone in our environment - this is what is liable for the ascending of temperature. Ozone takes in ultra-violet beams when they originate from the sun and changes over the radiation to warmth and compound vitality. The ozone layer additionally seals earth from the a significant number of the other ground-breaking radiation beams that the sun gives off. Parting of oxygen particles relies on the exceptional radiation, along these lines, the best ozone creation is over the tropics. The ozone is risky to us in light of the fact that is causes numerous kinds of skin malignant growth, for example, threatening melanoma- - a dangerous disease which makes demise forty percent of every single recorded instance of malignancy. Numerous individuals anticipate that the ozone layer would cause thirty thousand skin tumors just in the United States alone, and more than 500,000 around the world. Malignant growth, however, is as it were one of

Whats the Difference Between Exempt and Non-Exempt Workers

What’s the Difference Between Exempt and Non-Exempt Workers There are a number of terms in the employment world you must learn to understand in order to navigate in it.If you want to offer the best deals to your employees or you want to sign a good employment contract that doesn’t include surprises, one of the most crucial terms to understand are the concepts of exempt and non-exempt workers. The terms are only separated by a prefix but it could mean a big difference in what you take home from the work you do. So, let’s look at what exempt and non-exempt employees are all about and what the difference means to you and your employment contract. IT ALL BOILS DOWN TO OVERTIMEBefore examining the concept in more detail, the most crucial thing to understand about the two concepts is their difference in overtime payments. The most significant variation is that as an exempt worker, you won’t be entitled to receive paid overtime â€" hence the name. If you are a non-exempt worker, then you will be entitled to normal paid overtime.The details of the paid overtime will naturally depend on your country and state legislation. Who determines whether you are an exempt or non-exempt worker will also depend on the legislation. As you’ll see later, there are restrictions on who receives paid overtime and who doesn’t.So let’s examine the concepts closer to understand what the diff erences are.EXEMPT EMPLOYEESLet’s start with exempt employees because they are the workers who are exempt from overtime payment. If an employee is deemed exempt, the employer won’t be required to pay them overtime. It will essentially be the employer’s discretion whether they pay for overtime hours or not. Therefore, exempt workers might receive overtime payments; they just aren’t legally qualified to receive them automatically.In some situations, employers might choose to provide other benefits to the employee. These could be extra perks like better healthcare options, free lunches, ability to work from home and so on.Aside from being exempt from overtime payments and regulations, exempt employees are often also not entitled to the minimum wage. This is because exempt employees are paid a salary rather than an hourly wage â€" instead of the contract outlining that you need to work an X amount of hours and you’ll receive $10 an hour, the exempt worker’s contract will sta te the hours or tasks part of the job and the monthly salary â€"$2,500/month, for example.When determining whether an employee is exempt or not there are three conditions that must be met. If these three conditions are met, then the employee can be classed as exempt and not receive minimum wage or overtime pay.Job dutiesSalary levelSalary basisThe jobs typically part of the exempt group are known as the ‘white collar exemptions’. This term refers to job groups that perform tasks as:Executives â€" Typically any employee that supervises two or more employees and who has the power to hire, fire or assign work tasks.Administrators â€" The most common examples of exempt administrative workers include operational staff such as HR, accounting and marketing professionals.Professionals â€" These are employees who engage in intense intellectual work and include job titles such as art and creative professions, as well lawyers, engineers and computer professionals.There are further job duty qualifications to determine whether the employee is exempt or not. For example, if you are an administrator but you only manage two independent contractors, you wouldn’t qualify. These detailed job duties can be found from the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Some other examples include the movie theatre and recreational park employees, airline personnel and seamen, for instance.The second qualifying factor deals with the salary. An exempt employee must receive a fixed salary. A fixed salary would mean the salary couldn’t reduce depending on the quality or quantity of the work the person performs. So, regardless of the number of days or hours the person works, the salary must remain constant â€" with a few exceptions.Finally, the exempt employee must receive a salary beyond a certain minimum threshold. Currently, the FLSA rules state the employee must make at least $23,660 a year or $455 a week in order to meet this threshold. There was a proposal to raise this to $47,476 a yea r but that ruling is currently pending.So, if the above three conditions are met, the worker will be considered as exempt. If one or all of the conditions are not met, the person will be classified as non-exempt. It’s important to understand that employers must have a logical and legal argument, based on the above points, in order to classify a worker exempt.NON-EXEMPT EMPLOYEESWhat about the non-exempt employees? What kinds of conditions determine their status? As a non-exempt employee, the person must receive at least the minimum wage for all the hours he or she works â€" including overtime pay for excess hours. While exempt workers need to meet certain conditions, non-exempt employees are generally all the workers who don’t meet those conditions. In the US, the minimum federal salary is currently $7.25, with some states having a higher minimum salary set.Although non-exempt employees generally receive hourly pay, the employers can choose to pay a salary instead. However, unli ke the exempt workers, the non-exempt will also receive an applicable payment for any overtime they work. In practice, anyone receiving an hourly pay will always be classified as non-exempt.Non-exempt workers are often more under scrutiny in terms of the tasks they perform during the workday. Since you are paid by the hour, you are expected to work during those hours and not have conversations with your colleagues around the water cooler. If you are constantly pushing yourself to overtime, the employer might start wondering what you are doing â€" they will have certain expectations in terms of what you can achieve during the normal work hours.The overtime must be paid according to the law. Under current US federal law, the non-exempt employee who works over 40 hours in a workweek, must receive 1.5 times his or her regular rate of pay for the overtime hours. So, if a non-exempt worker works for 50 hours a week, they will receive a normal rate of pay for the 40 hours and 1.5 times the normal rate for the extra 10 hours.Furthermore, non-exempt workers can have better protection from national and local laws. In the US, the Department of Labor’s Federal Minimum Wage and Agricultural Employment law specifically targets non-exempt employees. For the employers, the non-exempt status often means stricter recordkeeping requirements â€" this is specifically in terms of the work hour records of the employee.WHAT DOES THAT MEAN TO YOU?In fact, what does this mean to employees and employers?The employee â€" what’s the deal?As an employee, if you are exempt, you will be expected to perform the duties listed in your contract whether or not your job takes 35 or 55 hours. You can’t expect to be paid extra â€" you will receive a pre-determined salary and any additional benefits the employer provides, but you won’t legally be entitled to overtime pay. As mentioned above, your employer might provide it but it is at the company’s discretion, not mandated by the law.This m eans you’re expected to perform your duties as mentioned in your job contract and you’ll receive the salary you’ve agreed in the contract. If your duties require more work than the hours agreed on your contract, you can’t expect any extra pay.On the other hand, as a non-exempt worker, you will be paid at least the minimum hourly rate â€" or any other hourly rate you’ve agreed in the contract â€"and a different rate for any overtime you do. If it takes you longer to perform the required tasks, then the employer will have to pay you for those extra hours you work. You might be paid a salary or receive your pay based on the hourly rate â€" naturally, the employer can provide any other extra benefits they want.Generally, exempt workers receive a higher salary on average, which might make you want to pursue exempt status. This is because there is an expectation that you’ll perform your duties whether or not it pays extra and therefore, the employer is prepared to pay more upf ront.However, whether the non-exempt or exempt status is the right for you, is really down to personal preference and your current situation. As you could see from the different conditions associated with exempt status it might not always be even up to you or the employer â€" law is the law. It is, of course, helpful to understand the employment laws before you sign the contract.In terms of unemployment benefits, you are generally entitled to the same payments whether you’ve been an exempt or non-exempt employee.The employer â€" what’s the deal?For the employer, the difference is more evident in terms of the rights of the employee. As mentioned above, the non-exempt workers might have better protection under the law and the record-keeping responsibilities are often more rigorous.For example, an employer doesn’t have to keep an official record of the hours an exempt worker works. Of course, the minimum wage is something the employer has to account for in the case of non-exempt workers. With exempt workers, the salary can be set according to industry standards and the employer’s wishes and capabilities.However, it must be noted there are general health and safety laws that naturally apply to all workers in the workplace. Furthermore, laws such as equal employment and child labor laws are in place whether you are a non-exempt or an exempt worker.Since employers have to pay more for non-exempt workers in terms of overtime (remember the salary for these hours has to be 1.5x the normal rate), it helps them to try to avoid overtime. On the other hand, in terms of exempt employees, the employer always knows how much they have to pay each month â€" the salary can’t go up even if the employee has to stay for longer hours.THE BOTTOM LINEThe difference between exempt and non-exempt workers is essentially down to the level of responsibility in the particular job. It’s also often an indication of the person’s status as a professional. It most clearly shows in the payment and especially in the overtime payment structure. While exempt workers are not qualified for overtime payments, it doesn’t really mean their salaries are worse â€" in fact, it is often the opposite.Since the conditions to qualify as an exempt worker are signed into law, as an employer or an employee you won’t have much say over what your status will be. Nonetheless, these concepts are important to know when it comes to understanding your employee contract.