The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses Free Essays

The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses Among the various entries canvassed in The Metamorphoses of Ovid, there are numerous accounts with respect to the starting points of the Earth, the exercises of the Roman divine beings, and some of Rome’s critical rulers and authors. Inside every one of these accounts, Ovid infuses a general thought that can be detracted from the content. A large number of these general thoughts are subjects and exercises, yet in addition there are expressions that are delineated to the peruser, for example, verse, singing, or weaving. We will compose a custom paper test on The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now One thought specifically that Ovid depicts is the craft of Rhetoric in Greco-Roman culture. Talk was utilized in Greco-Roman culture regularly as a methods for assembling words in a specific request to convince or illuminate your crowd regarding a particular thought. The two stories with respect to the conversation among Ajax and Ulysses over Achilles reinforcement epitomizes the possibility of talk. Ovid utilizes the scenes of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen f the Metamorphoses to represent to the perusers the craft of talk. Ovid draws upon past writings shrouded in class, for example, Homer’s Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid to shape a portion of his accounts in the Metamorphoses. In any case, Ovid’s style of composing is very different than that of Homer and Virgil. Homer and Virgil both expound on post Trojan War occasions, however from two alternate points of view, the Greeks and the Trojans separately. In spite of their distinction in context, their style is the equivalent in that the two of them center around the glorification of war. The two of them depict fierce occasions strikingly and offer acclaim to war legends. Ovid, then again, discusses certain parts in the Odyssey and the Aeneid that Homer and Virgil didn't talk about, for example, the salvage of Achaemenides, the crew member Ulysses abandoned on the island of Polyphemus, in book fourteen. Ovid appears to excuse the glorification of war and quickly ignore savage scenes or depict them in an alternate, increasingly amusing, way. Or maybe Ovid centers around expressions of the human experience of Greco-Roman culture. Ovid centers around accounts of Mythology concerning verse, singing, creating, and even the craft of talk. Talk is â€Å"the study and practice of successful communication,† (Nordquist). There are three kinds of talk utilized: epideictic, legal, and deliberative. These three parts of talk can be utilized in different manners to impart to your crowd. Epideictic talk is the remembrance or fault of a person. Epideictic talk is frequently utilized in â€Å"funeral discourses, tribute, graduation and retirement addresses, letters of suggestion, and assigning talks at political conventions,† (Nordquist). Legal talk is â€Å"primarily utilized by attorneys in preliminaries chose by an appointed authority or jury,† (Nordquist). Deliberative talk is the utilization of correspondence to convince or prevent an individual or crowd of an announcement or activity. Ovid doesn't just utilize the three parts of talk be that as it may, he likewise shows the utilization of a strategy called intensification and minimization through Ajax and Ulysses which is basically enhancing acceptable characteristics and limiting terrible characteristics. The procedure of enhancement and minimization goes connected at the hip with deliberative and epideictic talk. Ovid utilizes every one of the three parts of talk in his accounts of Ajax and Ulysses to exhibit their contentions and to delineate the craft of talk itself. The greater part of Ovid’s outline of talk is contained inside the narratives of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen. After the Trojan War is finished, the Greeks put aside Achilles’ reinforcement and choose, through a discussion, who the recipient of the defensive layer will be. The two in banter over the covering are Ajax and Ulysses. Both utilize deliberative talk as their methods for convincing the crowd to conclude who will keep the defensive layer, however they utilize different branches also to fortify their contention. The conversation between the two in general is a deliberative and legal talk fight, however both utilize epideictic talk to reinforce their positions. Ajax is the first to introduce his contention. Quickly Ajax utilizes epideictic talk by defaming Ulysses’ activities, â€Å"he was one who didn't spare a moment to beat retreat when he had to confront the lights Hector tossed, while I withstood those lethal blazes: the armada was just safeguarded as a result of me,† (Ovid 427). Ajax gives proof that Ulysses was a quitter by uncovering his retreat despite Hector. He additionally utilizes enhancement and minimization to show how adverse it was that Ulysses fled, and how extraordinary it was that Ajax held his position. Ajax at that point utilizes another epideictic articulation when he gets his legacy: And regardless of whether you were to question my boldness, it’s I who guarantee the nobler genealogy. I am the child of Telamon, the companion who helped the solid Hercules obliterate the dividers of Troy and, at that point, in Jason’s transport, cruised off and arrived at the inaccessible bank of Colchis. Also, Telamon was conceived of Aeacus, who is an adjudicator whitin the quiet worldâ€precisely in where Sisyphus, the child of Aeolus, must battle with the heaviness of his incredible stone; and Aeacus was conceived of Joveâ€as Jove himself concedes. (Ovid 427-428) Once again Ajax draws upon a component that will expand his deservingness. All through the remainder of his introduction, Ajax constantly utilizes epideictic talk to honor his activities and malign those of Ulysses. The utilization of just one element of the three parts of talk by Ajax shows that the body of his introduction is offending Ulysses. This debilitates Ajax’s contention, â€Å"Many novice rhetors consider banter a ‘us-versus-them’ kind of issue, and that the perusers who differ are the foe whose second rate contentions must be ground into the earth. In like manner, they erroneously accept that criticizing or assaulting these mixed up convictions is the best method to ‘win’ the argument,† (Wheeler). The consistent affront reduce in an incentive in their various amounts. Ulysses is lucky to introduce after Ajax. Ajax is off guard in light of his enthusiasm to introduce first. This allows Ulysses to assemble his contention and furthermore turn what Ajax says against him. Ulysses starts in an alternate way. Ulysses establishes the pace of dismalness by reviewing Achilles, â€Å"If things had gone as you and I had wished, o Greeks, we would cap ask who ought to prevail to this uncommon weaponry; Achilles, you’d still have your arms, and we would even now have you,† (Ovid 432). Ulysses utilizes epideictic talk not to devalue Ajax’s deeds, yet to respect Achilles as one does at a burial service. Not long after Ulysses respects Achilles, he starts to reinforce his picture through increasingly epideictic talk similarly as Ajax did. Ulysses draws upon his own genealogy on page 433 professing to be descendent of Jove as well as Mercury also. He likewise limits Ajax’s heredity by guaranteeing that one of Ajax’s progenitors was a banished criminal. Ulysses at that point proceeds onward to state, â€Å"Just judge by deedsâ€and deeds alone . . . it’s just one’s worth that weighs,† (Ovid 433). Ulysses routs Ajax’s contention about his family relationship to Achilles, however then cases that the victor ought to be dictated by his activities not his outside merchandise. Aristotle, in Nicomachean Ethics, discusses the significance of outer merchandise, however he says that the products of the brain (deeds and activities) are progressively significant. So Ulysses proceeds to give a bunch of good deeds he has performed, for example, persuading Achilles to come back to fight, going as a diplomat into Troy to attempt to arrange the arrival of Helen, the arrangement for the Trojan pony, and inducing the warriors and Ajax with fearlessness when they ere near the precarious edge of retreat. As a sum, Ajax is just ready to spill affront and discussion down about Ulysses, however Ulysses can battle all of Ajax’s abuse and turn them against him. Additionally going second plays into Ulysses’ favor since Ajax has no open door for counter while Ulysses does. In this manner Ulysses is proclaimed the victor of the contention and wins based on his expository abilities. Ovid offers more appreciation to the fight between two rhetors than he does to two warriors obviously through the extraordinary detail he goes into in the conversation among Ulysses and Ajax. Rather than portraying incredible fierce fight scenes, he delineates an extraordinary talk contention between two people. Ovid quickly addresses the Trojan War itself, yet takes incredible measure in delineating the utilization of talk in the conversation after the War. List of sources Ovid, Metamorphoses Nordquist, Richard. About. com, â€Å"Rhetoric. † Accessed November 28, 2011. http://sentence structure. about. com/od/rs/g/rhetoricterm. htm. Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. â€Å"Rhetoric. † Last changed September 26,2011. Gotten to November 28, 2011. http://web. cn. edu/kwheeler/resource_rhet. html. The most effective method to refer to The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses, Papers

Ozone Essays - Gases, Greenhouse Gases, Ultraviolet Radiation

Ozone Ozone gets from the greek word ozein which intends to smell. It was first found in 1839 by Christian Friedrick Schonbein who saw it as a result of its particular bitter smell. He found this at the College of Basel in Switzerland. Ozone is only oxygen, however not the type we breath. Ozone, O3 has three mixes while oxygen has just two. Ozone is reac-tive, which means it doesn't remain still, and needs to return to its unique state, with two mixes, O2. This is the reason ozone is hurtful. Ozone consistently needs to relinquish its third compound, and if this compound responds with different substances, it could be harming, particularly to people. While examining with the ozone layer, one should know the four significant environment levels on earth. The troposphere which is among zero and fifteen kilometers in elevation and has gum based paint ture ranges from two hundred to 200 ninety kelvins. The second is the stratosphere which ranges from fifteen to approxi-mately fifty kilometers in height furthermore, has temperature ranges from 200 to 200 fifty kelvins. The third level in the environment is mesosphere. This level extents from fifty to eighty-five kilometers in height and has temperature ranges between one hundred eighty and 200 fifty kelvins. At long last, the thermosphere is the last level in the climate. It's range is eighty-five to one hundred forty kilometers and furthermore temperatures as high as 400 sixty kelvins. Society has been broadly tended to with the numerous issues that we are having in our condition today. A significant issue is that of CFCs. CFC represents Chlorofluorocarbons which are found in a large number of the vaporized splash jars. In December of 1973, Rowland and Molina found that CFCs can demolish the ozone in the stratosphere. In June 1975, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) sued the Purchasers Product Safety Commission for a band of CFCs utilized in vaporized splash jars. US's fifth biggest makers of airborne splashes declared that they will decrease the measure of CFCs utilized in there items. However, as things began to improve, The Consumer Product Safety Commission dismissed NRDC's claim in July expressing that there was inadequate proof towards the measure of mischief the CFCs were doing to the ozone layer. On September 1976, a report was discharged which re-authorized Rowland and Molina's speculation, yet in addition expressed that the administer ment activity on CFC guidelines ought to be delayed. This report likewise expressed that the CFCs can start climatic changes and add to the warming of the world's environment, i.e., the nursery impact. May 1977, a few government organizations declared joint intends to confine, in any case, not take out employments of CFCs in vaporized splash jars. Be that as it may, on February of the next year, the administration chose to defer the guidelines on CFCs utilized in refrigeration, cooling, solvents, and other modern procedures. With all the new guidelines taking effect and being deferred, nothing was getting practiced, yet at long last, on October 1978, mist concentrates where restricted in the United States. August of 1981, satellite pictures indicated that more than one percent of the ozone was lost because of CFCs. At that point, in October of 1984, explore gatherings discovered a 40% loss of ozone over Antarctica. In August of 1985, satellite photographs affirmed the presence of an ozone gap over Antarctica. Despite the fact that many were attempting to lessen the measure of CFCs in their items, there were still some out there who needed to make the quick buck. February 1988, three US representatives asked Du Pont to quit making CFCs however the executive denied the mentioned. After three weeks, the director consents to ease assembling of synthetics, however just when substitutes were accessible. Eight of every a million of the generally dispersed atoms are ozone in our environment - this is what is liable for the ascending of temperature. Ozone takes in ultra-violet beams when they originate from the sun and changes over the radiation to warmth and compound vitality. The ozone layer additionally seals earth from the a significant number of the other ground-breaking radiation beams that the sun gives off. Parting of oxygen particles relies on the exceptional radiation, along these lines, the best ozone creation is over the tropics. The ozone is risky to us in light of the fact that is causes numerous kinds of skin malignant growth, for example, threatening melanoma- - a dangerous disease which makes demise forty percent of every single recorded instance of malignancy. Numerous individuals anticipate that the ozone layer would cause thirty thousand skin tumors just in the United States alone, and more than 500,000 around the world. Malignant growth, however, is as it were one of

Whats the Difference Between Exempt and Non-Exempt Workers

What’s the Difference Between Exempt and Non-Exempt Workers There are a number of terms in the employment world you must learn to understand in order to navigate in it.If you want to offer the best deals to your employees or you want to sign a good employment contract that doesn’t include surprises, one of the most crucial terms to understand are the concepts of exempt and non-exempt workers. The terms are only separated by a prefix but it could mean a big difference in what you take home from the work you do. So, let’s look at what exempt and non-exempt employees are all about and what the difference means to you and your employment contract. IT ALL BOILS DOWN TO OVERTIMEBefore examining the concept in more detail, the most crucial thing to understand about the two concepts is their difference in overtime payments. The most significant variation is that as an exempt worker, you won’t be entitled to receive paid overtime â€" hence the name. If you are a non-exempt worker, then you will be entitled to normal paid overtime.The details of the paid overtime will naturally depend on your country and state legislation. Who determines whether you are an exempt or non-exempt worker will also depend on the legislation. As you’ll see later, there are restrictions on who receives paid overtime and who doesn’t.So let’s examine the concepts closer to understand what the diff erences are.EXEMPT EMPLOYEESLet’s start with exempt employees because they are the workers who are exempt from overtime payment. If an employee is deemed exempt, the employer won’t be required to pay them overtime. It will essentially be the employer’s discretion whether they pay for overtime hours or not. Therefore, exempt workers might receive overtime payments; they just aren’t legally qualified to receive them automatically.In some situations, employers might choose to provide other benefits to the employee. These could be extra perks like better healthcare options, free lunches, ability to work from home and so on.Aside from being exempt from overtime payments and regulations, exempt employees are often also not entitled to the minimum wage. This is because exempt employees are paid a salary rather than an hourly wage â€" instead of the contract outlining that you need to work an X amount of hours and you’ll receive $10 an hour, the exempt worker’s contract will sta te the hours or tasks part of the job and the monthly salary â€"$2,500/month, for example.When determining whether an employee is exempt or not there are three conditions that must be met. If these three conditions are met, then the employee can be classed as exempt and not receive minimum wage or overtime pay.Job dutiesSalary levelSalary basisThe jobs typically part of the exempt group are known as the ‘white collar exemptions’. This term refers to job groups that perform tasks as:Executives â€" Typically any employee that supervises two or more employees and who has the power to hire, fire or assign work tasks.Administrators â€" The most common examples of exempt administrative workers include operational staff such as HR, accounting and marketing professionals.Professionals â€" These are employees who engage in intense intellectual work and include job titles such as art and creative professions, as well lawyers, engineers and computer professionals.There are further job duty qualifications to determine whether the employee is exempt or not. For example, if you are an administrator but you only manage two independent contractors, you wouldn’t qualify. These detailed job duties can be found from the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Some other examples include the movie theatre and recreational park employees, airline personnel and seamen, for instance.The second qualifying factor deals with the salary. An exempt employee must receive a fixed salary. A fixed salary would mean the salary couldn’t reduce depending on the quality or quantity of the work the person performs. So, regardless of the number of days or hours the person works, the salary must remain constant â€" with a few exceptions.Finally, the exempt employee must receive a salary beyond a certain minimum threshold. Currently, the FLSA rules state the employee must make at least $23,660 a year or $455 a week in order to meet this threshold. There was a proposal to raise this to $47,476 a yea r but that ruling is currently pending.So, if the above three conditions are met, the worker will be considered as exempt. If one or all of the conditions are not met, the person will be classified as non-exempt. It’s important to understand that employers must have a logical and legal argument, based on the above points, in order to classify a worker exempt.NON-EXEMPT EMPLOYEESWhat about the non-exempt employees? What kinds of conditions determine their status? As a non-exempt employee, the person must receive at least the minimum wage for all the hours he or she works â€" including overtime pay for excess hours. While exempt workers need to meet certain conditions, non-exempt employees are generally all the workers who don’t meet those conditions. In the US, the minimum federal salary is currently $7.25, with some states having a higher minimum salary set.Although non-exempt employees generally receive hourly pay, the employers can choose to pay a salary instead. However, unli ke the exempt workers, the non-exempt will also receive an applicable payment for any overtime they work. In practice, anyone receiving an hourly pay will always be classified as non-exempt.Non-exempt workers are often more under scrutiny in terms of the tasks they perform during the workday. Since you are paid by the hour, you are expected to work during those hours and not have conversations with your colleagues around the water cooler. If you are constantly pushing yourself to overtime, the employer might start wondering what you are doing â€" they will have certain expectations in terms of what you can achieve during the normal work hours.The overtime must be paid according to the law. Under current US federal law, the non-exempt employee who works over 40 hours in a workweek, must receive 1.5 times his or her regular rate of pay for the overtime hours. So, if a non-exempt worker works for 50 hours a week, they will receive a normal rate of pay for the 40 hours and 1.5 times the normal rate for the extra 10 hours.Furthermore, non-exempt workers can have better protection from national and local laws. In the US, the Department of Labor’s Federal Minimum Wage and Agricultural Employment law specifically targets non-exempt employees. For the employers, the non-exempt status often means stricter recordkeeping requirements â€" this is specifically in terms of the work hour records of the employee.WHAT DOES THAT MEAN TO YOU?In fact, what does this mean to employees and employers?The employee â€" what’s the deal?As an employee, if you are exempt, you will be expected to perform the duties listed in your contract whether or not your job takes 35 or 55 hours. You can’t expect to be paid extra â€" you will receive a pre-determined salary and any additional benefits the employer provides, but you won’t legally be entitled to overtime pay. As mentioned above, your employer might provide it but it is at the company’s discretion, not mandated by the law.This m eans you’re expected to perform your duties as mentioned in your job contract and you’ll receive the salary you’ve agreed in the contract. If your duties require more work than the hours agreed on your contract, you can’t expect any extra pay.On the other hand, as a non-exempt worker, you will be paid at least the minimum hourly rate â€" or any other hourly rate you’ve agreed in the contract â€"and a different rate for any overtime you do. If it takes you longer to perform the required tasks, then the employer will have to pay you for those extra hours you work. You might be paid a salary or receive your pay based on the hourly rate â€" naturally, the employer can provide any other extra benefits they want.Generally, exempt workers receive a higher salary on average, which might make you want to pursue exempt status. This is because there is an expectation that you’ll perform your duties whether or not it pays extra and therefore, the employer is prepared to pay more upf ront.However, whether the non-exempt or exempt status is the right for you, is really down to personal preference and your current situation. As you could see from the different conditions associated with exempt status it might not always be even up to you or the employer â€" law is the law. It is, of course, helpful to understand the employment laws before you sign the contract.In terms of unemployment benefits, you are generally entitled to the same payments whether you’ve been an exempt or non-exempt employee.The employer â€" what’s the deal?For the employer, the difference is more evident in terms of the rights of the employee. As mentioned above, the non-exempt workers might have better protection under the law and the record-keeping responsibilities are often more rigorous.For example, an employer doesn’t have to keep an official record of the hours an exempt worker works. Of course, the minimum wage is something the employer has to account for in the case of non-exempt workers. With exempt workers, the salary can be set according to industry standards and the employer’s wishes and capabilities.However, it must be noted there are general health and safety laws that naturally apply to all workers in the workplace. Furthermore, laws such as equal employment and child labor laws are in place whether you are a non-exempt or an exempt worker.Since employers have to pay more for non-exempt workers in terms of overtime (remember the salary for these hours has to be 1.5x the normal rate), it helps them to try to avoid overtime. On the other hand, in terms of exempt employees, the employer always knows how much they have to pay each month â€" the salary can’t go up even if the employee has to stay for longer hours.THE BOTTOM LINEThe difference between exempt and non-exempt workers is essentially down to the level of responsibility in the particular job. It’s also often an indication of the person’s status as a professional. It most clearly shows in the payment and especially in the overtime payment structure. While exempt workers are not qualified for overtime payments, it doesn’t really mean their salaries are worse â€" in fact, it is often the opposite.Since the conditions to qualify as an exempt worker are signed into law, as an employer or an employee you won’t have much say over what your status will be. Nonetheless, these concepts are important to know when it comes to understanding your employee contract.

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Character Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 827 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Macbeth Essay Did you like this example? Macbeth and Lady Macbeth develop as charters overtime in the story. From normal people who have good morals who have a friend who they could trust and were generally good people. Over the time in the story, things start to change in the personality on both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. They start to become insane and do some very questionable thing, But how does it start and why did they do the things they do. Guilt is shown throughout the story of Macbeth. Macbeth had to think a lot about the choice he making that decision and his thought are screwed by his guilty conscience. Macbeth guilt and ambition begins when he gets a prophecy from the Three Witch telling him that he would be king. The guilt and madness show at the beginning when he starts to kill people. Hes guilty before when he decides to kill his best friend and after that, hes guilty because hes gone and killed his best friend and hes guilty of this crime. Another form of internal conflict is when Macbeth says, Im not gonna go anymore: Im afraid to think what Ive done. This shows that Macbeth regrets his decision after killing Duncan. He says he can not go back and hes afraid hes thinking about what hes done. This demonstrates that he feels guilty about what he did and can not go back in time. Another example of guilt in Macbeth is he start seeing things. â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand ? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?† where he hallucinates a bloody dagger, one of many supernatural portents before and after he murders King Duncan. Macbeth is so consumed by guilt that hes not even sure whats real. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Character Analysis" essay for you Create order The main downfall of Macbeth is his great ambitions or lust for becoming king. It starts at the same time as when his guilt does when he meets the Three Witches. This prophecy changes the Macbeth from a normal person to Macbeth’s ambitions completely alter his morals and his social skills in a sense. Macbeth is filled with the knowledge of being king Because of Macbeth’s ambitions this will result in Macbeth committing murder while completely neglecting his morals. He even asks himself as to why he thinks that murder will be the answer to his desires to be king; â€Å"All causes shall give way. I am in blood Stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go oer.†. his thought of murder is not intentional as he questions his own imagination, rather it is caused by his natural desires and ambition, which is not under his control. In pursuit of his desires, Macbeth is completely blinded by his lust for power and discounts his morals an d former traits, which ultimately bring him to his ruin. In conclusion, guilt is displayed through various representations in the play. The theme of guilt is expressed by Lady Macbeth, through blood imagery and Macbeth’s internal conflict. Guilt is a major factor in people’s lives and will continue to haunt the characters of Macbeth for a long time. Guilt can be a result of many things, as it is a feeling that remains forever. Usually, this feeling occurs when an offense, crime, violation or wrongful act is committed. It is the feeling of responsibility for this poor action that has been committed. Macbeth commits this poor action just to be happy, but in the end, he was only left with much remorse. What hands are here? They pluck out my eyes After all Macbeth has done he wants to be blind so he cannot see what he has done. He Just wants to undo anything and everything he has done to become king. In the start of the story he was normal but after every killing, Every assassination attempt, all advances toward him getting the crown. â€Å"I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself And falls on the other† Even Macbeth he admits that theres no good reason to kill Duncan. Macbeth just wants that power for himself. This is another example that he is slowly moving towards the line of insanity, it starts to affect him throughout the story after every single murder he was responsible for. As you read the story you see signs that some are changing in Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, they both start losing sleep, start imagining things, start thinking like hungry wolves looking for some food. The prophecy that gave them a glimpse of power ultimately brought them to ruin, and the guilt that their action ultimately brought them to ruin.

Solutions to the Clean Water Shortage Essay - 592 Words

Solutions to the Clean Water Shortage Solution 1 The creation and development of desalination plants is a widely implemented solution to the clean water shortage. However, there are many reasons why it would be a good idea and some about why it would not. Pros Desalination would give us the clean water that many nations need. Many regions, particularly the Arabian peninsula, Australia, northern Africa, and South and Central Asia. It will also provide us with an extremely large source of water. Cons Desalination plants are expensive and is generally only affordable in middle or high income nations. The poorer countries do not have the funds to build and run desalination plants. The clean water shortage, however is shown more clearly in†¦show more content†¦Greenhouse gases will add to the already worrying problem of Earth’s increased temperature and the greenhouse effect. Also, in the long run, if desalination occurs at a high rate for the next few centuries, eventually the ocean would run dry. It will take a very long time, but it will. The ocean contains a vast amount of water, however it is not unlimited it and it will take centuries for the ocean to replenish and on top of that, it will upset the delicate balance within the biosphere. Solution 2 Recycling is also a solution that has been implemented in some areas and is under discussion in many others. Recycling wastewater is the use of recycled and treated wastewater for agricultural, industrial and economical uses. Pros There are many pros to recycling water, and one of the best is that it saves drinking water. Also, greywater-which is slightly used household water other than toilet water- has been proved to be beneficial to plants, more so than drinking water. Grey Water usually contains nitrogen or phosphorus, which are plant nutrients. The use of wastewater would further preserve the limited amount of clean drinking water. Also, reusing greywater keeps it out of the sewage system, which decreases the possibility that the greywater will end up in streams, lakes and ponds. In turn, it reduces the pollution in those areas which is good for the environment. Recycling wastewaterShow MoreRelatedEngineering Challenges: Provide Access to Clean Water1506 Words   |  7 PagesGrand Challenges for Engineering: Provide Access to Clean Water Introduction By Osama Al zoubi From the beginning of life, human beings have always faced challenges and difficulties in their lives. However, what is unique about humans is their ability to adapt and find solutions to these challenges. Engineering has always been the key and the most influential element to the survival of humanity in the face of the unending challenges. 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People may not think about it much, but water is very vital to life. Roughly about 97% of the earth is covered with saltwater. Yet, only 2.5% of the earth’s surface is covered with fresh water. The global water crisis is a major problem in the world, and most people are not doing much to conserve the water that is available. The world is in a high demand of water, yet there is not much water available

The Indigo Spell Chapter Fifteen Free Essays

MS. TERWILLIGER WAS WAITING in the lobby when Julia and I returned to the dorm. â€Å"Seriously. We will write a custom essay sample on The Indigo Spell Chapter Fifteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Do you have a tracking device on me?† I asked. Julia took one look at our teacher’s serious expression and quickly made an exit. â€Å"Just excellent timing,† Ms. Terwilliger replied. â€Å"I understand you have news.† â€Å"Surprisingly, yes.† Ms. Terwilliger’s face was hard as she led me back outside to more privacy and yet another top secret outdoor meeting. These days, she hardly resembled the scattered, hippie teacher I’d met when I first started at Amberwood. â€Å"Tell me the news,† she ordered. I told her about Alicia’s call, and her dismayed expression didn’t really inspire me. I’d kind of hoped she’d reveal some amazing, foolproof plan she’d secretly been concocting. â€Å"Well, then,† she said once I’d finished. â€Å"I suppose I’ll have to go out there.† â€Å"I’ll go out there,† I corrected. She favored me with a small smile. â€Å"You’ve done more than enough. It’s time I step up and deal with Veronica.† â€Å"But you sent me to that place before.† â€Å"When we weren’t even sure where it was or what she was doing there. This time, we have an eyewitness confirming she’s there right now. I can’t waste this opportunity.† She glanced at a clock near the door and sighed. â€Å"I’d go tonight if I could but haven’t made the necessary preparations. I’ll start working on them now and go in tomorrow evening. Hopefully I won’t miss her again.† â€Å"No.† The defiance in my voice surprised even me. I didn’t contradict teachers – or any kind of authority – very often. Okay, never. â€Å"She eluded us before. Let us scout it out. You don’t want to tip your hand yet, just in case something goes wrong. You’ll be ready tomorrow night? Then let us go in the day . . . I mean, provided someone could get me out of school. . . .† A little of that tension faded, and she laughed. â€Å"I suppose I could do that. I hate that I keep putting you in danger, though.† â€Å"We passed that point a long time ago.† She couldn’t argue against that logic. I made arrangements for Adrian to pick me up the next day – after first scolding â€Å"Jet† for giving out â€Å"Taylor’s† number. When morning came, Ms. Terwilliger was true to her word. I’d been excused from classes for a â€Å"research trip.† The thing about being a star pupil was that none of my teachers had any problems with me skipping classes. They knew I’d get the work done. I probably could’ve taken the rest of the semester off. During the drive, I told Adrian that I’d managed to score a trip to St. Louis in order to pursue Marcus’s daunting task. Adrian’s expression grew darker and darker, but he stayed silent on the matter. I knew what a conflict it was for him. He didn’t like Marcus. He didn’t like me taking on this potentially dangerous mission. However, he also trusted me to make my own decisions. Contradicting me or telling me what to do wasn’t in his nature – even though he secretly may have wanted to. His only comment was one of support. â€Å"Be careful, Sage. For God’s sake, be careful. I’ve seen you pull off some crazy shit, but this is extreme, even for you. You’re probably the only one who can manage this, but still . . . don’t let your guard down, even for a moment.† When I told him about how I was hoping to use Ian to get more in-depth access, Adrian’s troubled look turned to one of incredulity. â€Å"Hold on here. Let me make sure I’m following this. You’re going to seduce some guy to help you with your espionage.† Seduce Ian? Ugh. â€Å"Don’t jump to conclusions,† I warned. â€Å"I’m just going to try to use his feelings for me to get what I want.† â€Å"Wow. Cold, Sage. Very cold.† â€Å"Hey, now.† I felt a little indignant at the accusation. â€Å"I’m not going to promise to marry him or something and then dump him later. He wrote me about going to dinner when I’m there. We’ll have a nice time, and I’ll try to talk him into letting me tour the facility. That’s it.† â€Å"And ‘talking him into it’ doesn’t involve putting out?† I glared at him and hoped he could see me in his periphery. â€Å"Adrian. Do I really seem like the kind of person who’d do that?† â€Å"Well – † He stopped, and I suspected he’d held back from some snarky comment. â€Å"No, I suppose not. Certainly not with a guy like him. Did you get a dress?† Here we were again, Adrian randomly jumping topics. â€Å"For dinner and the service? I’ve got plenty.† â€Å"I guess that answers my question.† He seemed to wage a great mental battle. At last, he said, â€Å"I’m going to give you some advice.† â€Å"Oh no.† He looked over at me again. â€Å"Who knows more about male weakness: you or me?† â€Å"Go on.† I refused to directly answer the question. â€Å"Get a new dress. One that shows a lot of skin. Short. Strapless. Maybe a push-up bra too.† He actually had the audacity to do a quick assessment of my chest. â€Å"Eh, maybe not. But definitely some high heels.† â€Å"Adrian,† I exclaimed. â€Å"You’ve seen how Alchemists dress. Do you think I can really wear something like that into a church service?† He was unconcerned. â€Å"You’ll make it work. You’ll change clothes or something. But I’m telling you, if you want to get a guy to do something that might be difficult, then the best way is to distract him so that he can’t devote his full brainpower to the consequences.† â€Å"You don’t have a lot of faith in your own gender.† â€Å"Hey, I’m telling you the truth. I’ve been distracted by sexy dresses a lot.† I didn’t really know if that was a valid argument, seeing as Adrian was distracted by a lot of things. Fondue. T-shirts. Kittens. â€Å"And so, what then? I show some skin, and the world is mine?† â€Å"That’ll help.† Amazingly, I could tell he was dead serious. â€Å"And you’ve gotta act confident the whole time, like it’s already a done deal. Then make sure when you’re actually asking for what you want that you tell him you’d be ‘so, so grateful.’ But don’t elaborate. His imagination will do half the work for you. â€Å" I shook my head, glad we’d almost reached our destination. I didn’t know how much more I could listen to. â€Å"This is the most ridiculous advice I’ve ever heard. It’s also kind of sexist too, but I can’t decide who it offends more, men or women.† â€Å"Look, Sage. I don’t know much about chemistry or computer hacking or photosynthery but this is something I’ve got a lot of experience with.† I think he meant photosynthesis, but I didn’t correct him. â€Å"Use my knowledge. Don’t let it go to waste.† He seemed so earnest that I finally told him I’d consider it, though I had a hard time imagining myself wearing anything like he’d described. My answer satisfied him, and he said no more. When we reached the bed-and-breakfast, I put on the brown wig so that we could be Taylor and Jet again. I braced myself as we approached the door. â€Å"Who knows what we’re walking into?† I murmured. I’d been very brave while speaking to Ms. Terwilliger, but the reality that I might be going right up to an evil sorceress was sinking in. I had yet to develop the ability to sense magic in others, so I could very well be taken by surprise if she had a way to hide her appearance too. All I could do was have faith that Adrian’s spirit and Ms. Terwilliger’s charm would mask me. If Veronica was there, we’d just seem like an ordinary couple. I hoped. Alicia was reading another magazine when we walked in. She still sported the same hipster glasses and clutter of gaudy necklaces. Her face lit up when she saw us. â€Å"You’re back.† Adrian’s arm immediately went around me. â€Å"Well, when we heard Veronica was in town again, we wanted to come see her right away. Right, honeydew?† â€Å"Right,† I said. At least he was going with healthier nicknames today. â€Å"Oh.† Alicia’s sunny smile dimmed a little. â€Å"She just left.† â€Å"You have got to be kidding,† I said. How could our luck be this bad? â€Å"So, she checked out?† â€Å"No, she’s still renting out the Velvet Suite. I think she was just running errands. But. . . .† She turned sheepish. â€Å"I may have, uh, ruined the surprise.† â€Å"Oh?† I asked very carefully. I felt Adrian’s hold on me tense, but there was nothing romantic about it. â€Å"I couldn’t resist. I told her she might have some unexpected visitors soon. Good visitors,† she added. â€Å"I wanted to make sure she didn’t stay out too long.† â€Å"That’s very nice of you,† said Adrian. His smile looked as strained as mine felt. In trying to â€Å"help† us, Alicia might very well have ruined everything. What did we do now? I was saved from an immediate decision when a middle-aged woman walked through the door. â€Å"Hello,† she told Alicia. â€Å"I wanted to get some information about hosting a wedding here. For my niece.† â€Å"Of course,† said Alicia, glancing back and forth between all of us. She looked a little flustered over who to help, and I was quick to jump in. â€Å"Hey,† I said. â€Å"Since we’re here, can we look at the Bunny Suite again? We can’t stop talking about it.† Alicia frowned. â€Å"I thought you were going to the coast for your anniversary?† â€Å"We were,† said Adrian, following my lead. â€Å"But then Taylor was thinking about Cottontail the other night, and we thought we should reconsider.† I had to give him credit for jumping in and going along with the story I was making up on the spot. Of course, you’d think he’d remember the name of the fake rabbit he had created. â€Å"Hopper,† I corrected. â€Å"Is the Bunny Suite still vacant?† he asked. â€Å"We can just take a quick peek in while you help her.† Alicia hesitated only a moment before handing over a key. â€Å"Sure. Let me know if you have any questions.† I took the key and headed toward the stairs with Adrian. Behind us, I could hear the woman asking if it’d be okay to set up a tent in the backyard and how many hot plates the inn could hold before it became a fire hazard. Once we were on the second floor and out of earshot, Adrian spoke. â€Å"Let me guess. You want to go prowl through the Velvet Suite.† I rewarded him with a grin, pleased that he’d guessed my plan. â€Å"Yup. Pretty good idea, huh? Hopefully Alicia will be distracted for a while.† â€Å"I could have just compelled her,† he reminded me. â€Å"You’re using too much spirit already.† I found the Velvet Suite and put the key in the lock, hoping Alicia had given us the master key and not one specifically for the Bunny Suite. When she had shown us around last time, she’d only used one key. A click told me we’d lucked out and wouldn’t have to use any metal-burning chemicals today. We’d seen the Velvet Suite during our last visit, and for the most part, it looked the same. Velvet bedding, velvet-covered furniture, and even velvet-textured wallpaper. Only, this time, the room wasn’t in the pristine and unoccupied state as before. Signs around the room showed recent use. The bed was unmade, and the scent of shampoo from the bathroom indicated a shower not too long ago. â€Å"Alicia might have been wrong about Veronica checking out,† said Adrian. He opened drawer after drawer and found nothing. In the closet, he discovered high-heeled shoes tucked into a corner and a belt on a hanger – things that might be easily missed with frantic packing. â€Å"Someone left here in a hurry.† My hopes plummeted. In accidentally revealing our â€Å"surprise,† Alicia had apparently scared Veronica into skipping out on the room. We found no sign that Veronica would actually return, and as Adrian had said, she seemed to have taken off quickly, based on the kinds of easy-to-forget things that were left behind: a razor in the shower, a bottle of perfume on the bathroom counter, and a stack of takeout menus on the nightstand. I sat on the bed and sifted through the menus, not really convinced they’d tell me much. Chinese, Indian, Mexican. Veronica had diverse tastes, at least. I reached the bottom of the stack and threw them on the ground. â€Å"She left,† I said. I couldn’t hide from the truth any longer. â€Å"That idiot Alicia tipped her off, and now we’ve lost her again.† Adrian sat down beside me, his face mirroring my dismay. â€Å"We’ll find her. We’ve slowed her down by hiding the others. Maybe it’ll buy us time until the next full moon so you can scry again.† â€Å"I hope so,† I said, though I wasn’t optimistic. He brushed aside the wig’s hair and turned my face toward him. â€Å"Everything’s going to be okay. She doesn’t know about you.† I knew he was right, but it was hollow comfort. I leaned my head against his shoulder, wishing I could fix everything. That was my job, right? â€Å"All that means is that someone else could suffer in my place. I don’t want that. I need to stop her once and for all.† â€Å"So brave.† He gave me a small smile. His fingertips slid down from my face, lightly stroking the line of my neck, down toward my shoulder. Everywhere he touched, a trail of goose bumps appeared. How did he keep doing this to me? Marcus – who made every girl in the world swoon – had zero effect on me. But one whisper of a touch from Adrian completely undid me. â€Å"You could give Castile a run for his money,† he added. â€Å"Stop that,† I warned. â€Å"Comparing you to Castile?† â€Å"That’s not what I’m talking about, and you know it.† His hands were too dangerous, as was being with him on a bed. Terrified I might be kissed again, I jerked away, and the sudden movement caught him by surprise. His fingers got tangled in my hair, as well as in my two necklaces, which resulted in him snapping both chains and nearly pulling off the brown wig. I quickly caught the garnet before it could fall off, but the cross slipped away. Thank God I’d kept the important one on. â€Å"No more kissing,† I warned. I refastened the charm and straightened the wig. â€Å"You mean no more kissing unless it’s a romantic place,† he reminded me. â€Å"Are you saying this place doesn’t scream romance?† He nodded around to our tacky velvet surroundings. He then picked up the small cross and held it in the air, growing thoughtful as he studied the way the light played off the gold surface. â€Å"You gave this to me once.† â€Å"And you gave it back.† â€Å"I was angry.† â€Å"And now?† He shrugged. â€Å"Now I’m just determined.† â€Å"Adrian.† I sighed. â€Å"Why do you keep doing this? The touching . . . the kissing . . . you know I don’t want it.† â€Å"You don’t act that way.† â€Å"Stop saying that. It’s obnoxious. Next you’ll be saying I’m ‘asking for it.'† Why did he have to be so infuriating? Okay . . . I hadn’t really sent a clear message back at the sorority. Or Pies and Stuff. But this time I’d done better. â€Å"I just pulled away. How much more direct do I have to be?† â€Å"It’s not your actions, exactly† he said. He still clutched the cross in his hand. â€Å"It’s your aura.† I groaned. â€Å"No, no, not that. I don’t want to hear about auras.† â€Å"But I’m serious.† He shifted over and stretched out on the bed, lying on his side. He patted the bed near him. â€Å"Lie down.† â€Å"Adrian – â€Å" â€Å"I won’t kiss you,† he said. â€Å"I promise.† â€Å"How stupid do you think I am?† I said. â€Å"I’m not falling for this.† He gave me a long, level look. â€Å"Do you really think I’d assault you or something?† â€Å"No,† I said quickly. â€Å"Of course not.† â€Å"Then humor me.† Warily, I lay down on my side as well, facing him with only a few powerful inches between us. An enraptured, slightly distracted look appeared in his eyes. He’d given himself over to spirit. â€Å"Do you know what I see in you now? The usual aura. A steady golden yellow, healthy and strong, with spikes of purple here and there. But when I do this. . . .† He rested a hand on my hip, and my whole body tensed up. That hand moved around my hip, slipping under my shirt to rest on the small of my back. My skin burned where he touched me, and the places that were untouched longed for that heat. â€Å"See?† he said. He was in the throes of spirit now, though with me at the same time. â€Å"Well, I guess you can’t. But when I touch you, your aura . . . it smolders. The colors deepen, it burns more intensely, the purple increases. Why? Why, Sydney?† He used that hand on me to pull me closer. â€Å"Why do you react that way if I don’t mean anything to you?† There was a desperation in his voice, and it was legitimate. It was hard for me to talk. â€Å"It’s instinct. Or something. You’re a Moroi. I’m an Alchemist. Of course I’d have a response. You think I’d be indifferent?† â€Å"Most Alchemist responses would involve disgust, revulsion, and holy water.† That was an excellent point. â€Å"Well . . . I’m a little more relaxed around Moroi than most Alchemists. Probably this is just some purely physical response driven by hormones and years of evolution. My body doesn’t know any better. I’m as susceptible to lust as anyone else.† There was probably a book about that or at least an article in Cosmopolitan. The hint of a smile played over his lips. He was fully in tune with me again. â€Å"No, you aren’t. I mean, you are, but not without reason. I know you well enough to realize that now. You’re not the kind of person who’s ‘susceptible to lust’ without some emotion to back it.† He moved his hand back to my hip, sliding it down my leg. I shuddered, and his face moved closer to mine. There was so much in his eyes, so much desire and longing. â€Å"See? There it is again. My flame in the dark.† â€Å"Don’t kiss me,† I whispered. It was the only defense I could muster. If he kissed me, I’d be lost. I closed my eyes. â€Å"You said you wouldn’t.† â€Å"I won’t.† His lips were only a breath away. â€Å"Unless you want me to.† I opened my eyes, ready to tell him no, that it didn’t matter what my aura allegedly said . . . this couldn’t keep happening. There was no emotion backing this desire, and I tried to cling to my earlier argument. I was so comfortable around Moroi now that clearly some primal part of me kept forgetting what he was. This was a base instinct. I was simply having a physical reaction to him, to his hands, to his lips, to his body. . . . He caught hold of my arm and rolled me over. I closed my eyes again and wrapped my arms around his neck. I felt his lips touch mine, not quite a kiss, just the barest brush of – The door opened, and I flinched. Alicia stepped inside, gasped, and put a hand up over her mouth to cover a shocked squeal. â€Å"O-oh,† she stammered. â€Å"I’m so sorry . . . I . . . I didn’t realize . . .† Adrian and I jerked away and sat up. My heart was ready to beat out of my chest, and I knew I was blushing. I quickly patted my wig and was relieved to feel it was still in place. He recovered his voice more quickly. â€Å"Sorry . . . we kind of got carried away. We started checking out the other rooms and decided to, uh, try them out.† Despite his sheepish words, there was a smug look on his face, the kind you’d expect from a guy who’d just made a conquest. Was it part of the act, or did he really think he’d gotten away with something? Alicia looked as uncomfortable as I felt. â€Å"I see. Well, this room’s occupied. It’s – † She frowned and did a double take. â€Å"It’s Veronica’s. It looks like she left.† I finally managed to speak. â€Å"That’s why we thought it was empty,† I said hastily. â€Å"There was nothing in here.† Alicia thankfully seemed to have forgotten about our compromising position. â€Å"That’s weird. She didn’t formally check out. I mean, she paid in advance in cash, but still. It’s so strange.† We made a hurried escape of our own after that, once again feeding Alicia lines about how we’d be in touch. Neither of us spoke much when we got in the car. I was lost in my own thoughts, which were equal parts frustration over Veronica and confusion over Adrian. I refused to acknowledge the latter, though, and opted for my usual tactic. The sooner that moment was forgotten, the better. I was pretty sure I could keep telling myself that. Some part of me – nearly as snarky as Adrian – suggested I pick up a book on denial the next time I was in the self-help section. â€Å"Another dead end,† I said once we were on the road. I texted Ms. Terwilliger: V’s gone. No need for action. Her response came a few minutes later: We’ll keep trying. I could practically feel her disappointment through the display on my phone. She wasn’t the only one. Adrian seemed particularly melancholy on the drive back. He responded whenever I spoke, but it was clear he was distracted. When he dropped me off at Amberwood later that night, I found everything mercifully quiet. No crises, no dangerous missions. It felt like it had been ages since I had a moment to myself, and I curled up on my bed, taking solace in the ordinary tasks of homework and reading. I fell asleep with my face on my calculus book. I experienced one of those nonsensical dreams that everyone has. In it, my family’s cat could talk, and he was driving Adrian’s Mustang. He asked me if I wanted to take a road trip to Birmingham. I told him I had a lot of homework to do but that if he wanted to go to Fargo, I’d consider it. We were in the middle of negotiating who’d pay for gas when the dream suddenly dissolved to blackness. A cold feeling swept over me, followed by a feeling of dread that rivaled the time Adrian and I had faced down Strigoi in his apartment. A woman’s laughter rolled around me, foul and sickening, like some sort of toxic smoke. A voice came out of the darkness, echoing in my mind. She’s kept you well hidden, but it can’t stay that way forever. You can’t conceal power like yours forever. I’ve caught your trail. I’ll find you. Hands suddenly reached out of the darkness for me, wrapping around my throat and cutting off my air. I screamed and woke up in my own bed, surrounded in books. I’d left the light on, and it chased some of the dream’s terror away. But only some. Sweat poured off me, making my shirt stick to me. I touched my neck, but there was nothing wrong with it. The garnet hung in place but not my cross. No need to fear a dream, I thought. It didn’t mean anything, and really, with everything going on lately, it was a wonder I didn’t have nightmares more often. But thinking back on it, I wasn’t so sure. There had been something so terrible and real about it, a horror that seemed to reach into my very soul. I didn’t want to sleep after that, so I made a cup of coffee and tried to read again. It worked for a while, but somewhere around four, my body couldn’t take it anymore. I fell asleep on my books again, but this time, my sleep stayed dream free. How to cite The Indigo Spell Chapter Fifteen, Essay examples

Love medicine Essay Example For Students

Love medicine Essay Love MedicineLove Medicine is a novel about relationships. It is about families and lovers. It is about love as the tie that binds. The characters in the novel live throughout their lives experiencing different things with different people, but it all comes back to love as the force that brings them together. The story is set around a North Dakota Indian reservation over a span of fifty years. It is the story of two families who lives intertwine because of different bonds of both love and hate. You are introduced to the main character of the novel, Marie Lazzare Kashpaw, while she is still in her youth. As a young Indian, she goes to live at the Sacred Heart convent. She is taken under the wing of the twisted Sister Leopolda who beats and abuses Satan out of her soul. Yet, Marie puts up with her abusive treatment. Sister Leopolda explains her harshness to Marie as a difference between herself and the Devil. He wants you. Thats the difference. I give you love. Marie both does come to hate and love her. This nun made her as strong as she was. She gave her pride in herself; pride to prove to Leopolda that the Devil was not within her and that she could succeed even as the wife of an Indian. There are relationships in the novel that contained true love. Many of these relationships were not marriages, but they outlasted everything. Nector Kashpaw is possibly the most significant character in that sense in the novel. His love life ties the lives of the two main characters of the novel, Marie Kashpaw and Lulu Lamartine. In Nector’s youth he had promised to marry Lulu, but then found himself in the arms of Marie. He marries her instead and has children and a life with her. Lulu goes from man to man having children all with different paternal lineage. Yet it is Lulu that Nector really loves, and as much as she hates to admit it, it is Nector that still holds her heart. They have an affair together that continues for years until Nector is forced to choose between them. He loves Lulu, but is rejected by her and returns to Marie. Although he is still with Marie, his heart still belongs to Lulu. In the course of Nectors death and a joint business venture with Lyman Lamartine, the two women become close. They form a bond with each other through their mutual connection to Nector that is very surprising for they had been rivals throughout his lifetime. They are able to overcome their hatred for each other because of their love for Nectar. They are able to mourn together, reminisce together, even laugh together. It is love that causes their tie and a combining of the two families. The friendship and marriage of Gordie Kashpaw and June Kashpaw, who were playmates and cousins, is another relationship that depicts the strength of true love. In their youth the two were inseparable. They told each other everything. When they grew older they ran off to get married. They had a child together, but June was wild. She would go off for months to do as she pleased with whomever she pleased. Their marriage, when together, was not all smooth sailing either. Gordie was abusive. After her death, Gordie thought to himself, They we knew each other better than most people who were married a lifetime. They we knew the good things, but they we knew how to hurt each other, too. He claims to have missed her while she was gone, but was also relieved in her absence. Now that she was dead, he could not believe that she was never coming back. He is overcome by grief and love as he goes over their years together in his mind. His love for her is so strong that it drives him to drink to sh ut the memories out. He thinks that her ghost comes back to him and he thinks that he kills her. Junes death causes him to become delusional with grief and loss. It is in her death that he realizes his true love for her. .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e , .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .postImageUrl , .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e , .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e:hover , .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e:visited , .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e:active { border:0!important; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e:active , .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u713c26f7e0032208d4d022ac8c19109e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Law EssayThere is a strong belief in the fate of the dead. There are few characters in the novel who come back to visit the living, but those who do are the ones who were truly loved by those they visit. Nector returns to visit Marie to show her that he really did love her once and that the love medicine did work. Lulu feels Nectors presence in the night. Gordie sees June and goes wild thinking that she has finally now come back to him. It is those who are truly loved who are missed the most. When taken from a side interpretation, the spirits who return truly loved who they returned to. They come back to say, I loved you.The novel is freckled with many other relat ionships involving the characters of the novel. Erdrich uses these meaningless relationships to contrast them with the great relationships of true love. The novel describes Junes one night stands while describing the eternal love of those who were left behind in her death have for her. While Lulu goes through multiple husbands and several partners in between her heart is loyal to Nector. This contrasting works well. The language that Erdrich chooses to describe the other relationships is cold. When describing love the tone is warm. It is this way that the she points out the difference between these two different types of relationships. It is through the character of Lipsha Morrissey that the reader learns the true meaning of the title, Love Medicine. Lipsha is slow intellectually and therefor acts primarily from his heart. It is he who really has the insight into what is meaningful in life. He calls himself a healer and claims to be able to remove the pains of others. This is what makes him special. He sees the heartache of his grandmother, Marie Kashpaw, at the fact that her husband Nector is in love with another woman. He knows of the ancient magical powers of love medicine and attempts to rekindle the flame of passion between his two grandparents. He fails in acquiring the necessary ingredients for his potion and substitutes common grocery store items for the ancient recipe. Lipsha comes upon an idea that can be seen as the nature of the novel. He says, I finally convinced myself that the actual power to the love medicine was not the goose heart itself but the faith in the cure. This could not possibly be truer. All of the feelings of love in the novel pull those involved together. In the end it is the pure and true love that overcomes all other obstacles and brings the people back to each other.

Child Social Development

Introduction Social control theory developed by Travis Hirschi specially states that all individuals actually have the potential to develop antisocial or criminal tendencies however it is the â€Å"bond† they share with society whether in the form of friendships, recognition of societal rules and norms of conduct, parental influences etc. that prevent them from manifesting such behavior (Payne Salotti, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Child Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hirschi goes on further to state that crimes occur due to individuals either losing or weakening the various bonds which bind them to society and as such results in them not caring of the social ramifications of certain criminal actions. It is based on this that it can be seen that instilling proper social-emotional learning early on in a child’s life is of paramount importance in ensuring that they devel op the necessary social and emotional bonds as well as the right way of thinking in order to succeed in aspects related to school, family life, community obligations and work. It is based on this that this paper will explore the various qualities needed in order for a child to develop into a proper and well-balanced adult that is ready to tackle whatever life throws their way. What is needed for Positive Social Development? All individuals need to have a skill set that helps them cope not only with social interactions but with personal relations and the bonds that help to keep them in place. It is based on this that one of the first personal capabilities that contribute to positive social development is empathy. Empathy is a way in which an individual is able to understand either the positive or negative aspects of another person’s life. It helps to facilitate a moment of deep thought and reflection wherein they place themselves in that person’s shoes and â€Å"feelâ €  how certain positive or negative events would feel if it happened to them. It is through this that people learn how to promote positive behaviors and limit negative ones due to their perception over how it would be like if such experiences had occurred to them as well. The second personal capability needed is tolerance; all too often people encounter various situations in their life that test their patience whether it comes in the form of a frustrating spouse, a demanding boss at work or even certain events that don’t go the way they were planned.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tolerance can be thought of as a conscious effort to take such things in stride and to address them calmly and reasonably instead of reacting violently and irresponsibly. By developing proper tolerance an individual is able to respond to everyday challenges and cope with them instead of bein g frustrated and lashing out at those around them. The last personal capability needed for positive social development is responsibility. Individuals need to learn to take responsibility for their actions or to take into account the possible repercussions of certain actions and how they will be responsible for it. Through an understanding of individual responsibility individuals are able to limit negative behaviors due to their belief that they are inherently responsible for everything they do. This results in the development of further traits such as integrity, positive work ethics, as well as lesser predilection towards criminal behavior. Qualities needed in a Family Environment In order to bring about the positive personal capabilities discussed in the previous section there are distinct factors necessary in a family environment in order to bring them about. The first factor is a supportive family environment that facilitates independent action, emotional development and the crea tion of bonds that help to develop an individual’s social, emotional and mental stability. It is suggested by Siegel (2011) that it is socialization and not the social structure itself that produces either positive or negative tendencies within children as they grow and develop (Siegel, 2011). Siegel explains that â€Å"the more social problems encountered during the socialization process the greater the likelihood that youths will encounter difficulties and obstacles as they mature, such as being unemployed or becoming a teenage mother† (Siegel, 2011). It is based on this that social learning theorists suggest crime is a direct result of individuals learning norms, values, and behaviors associated with criminal activity (Siegel, 2011). When taking such factors into consideration it can be seen that a supportive family environment is a necessity in ensuring proper social development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Child Social Development specif ically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Children develop their positive or negative tendencies through emulation and socialization within family units and as such the greater the support given within an environment for proper emotional and mental development that is in line with positive societal traits the more likely it is for a child to develop into a proper adult. The second trait needed within a family environment for positive social development is familial affection. What must be understood is that a child’s emotional growth is inherently dependent on the care and affection given to them during their formative years. It was seen in numerous cases of absentee mothers or fathers where children were left to their own whims and actions that their emotional growth and development was stunted leading to greater anti-social tendencies resulting in the potential for criminal behavior in the future. It is based on this that adequate familial a ffection that encourages positive emotional growth is a necessity in order to ensure that negative tendencies do not manifest themselves. Qualities of an Effective Classroom Environment A classroom environment is a place where children interact utilizing the personality traits they learned within their family environment inside a social setting and as such it is the responsibility of a teacher to either promote or discourage certain types of positive or negative behavior. One way of contributing towards the positive development of personality capabilities as expressed in the first section is to encourage cooperation and sharing among students. By helping students develop concepts related to cooperation and sharing they are able to take in the first steps towards understanding empathy, tolerance and responsibility. This is done through group exercises where children learn to work together, share materials and take responsibility for certain tasks that they are assigned to do. This he lps them to experience the initial aspects of a basic social setting resulting in the development of positive personality traits. The second quality necessary within a classroom environment is the creation of a reward and punishment system for displayed behavior. By instituting this form of behavioral control this encourages students to display positive forms of behavior such as respecting other children’s things, empathizing with their situations and encouraging them to be responsible for their own behaviors. On the other hand it must be noted that one aspect that should not be implemented within a classroom environment is a rigid and unyielding structure for learning.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Children should be allowed to learn at their own individual paces since not all children have the same capability. If lessons were to proceed at a predetermined pace without taking into account differences in learning ability some children may feel left out resulting in the development of attitudes related to depression or anti-socialization due to them being unable to keep up with the other students. Reference List Payne, A., Salotti, S. (2007). A Comparative Analysis of Social Learning and Social Control Theories in the Prediction of College Crime. Deviant Behavior, 28(6), 553-573. Siegel, L. (2011). Criminology. (11 ed., p. 523). California: Wadsworth Publishing. This essay on Child Social Development was written and submitted by user Omari Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Truman Doctrin

The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine was the impetus for the change in United States foreign policy, from isolationist to internationalists; thus we were drawn into two wars of containment and into world affairs. The Truman Doctrine led to a major change in U.S. foreign policy from its inception - aid to Turkey and Greece - to its indirect influence in Korea and Vietnam. The aftermath of World War II inspired the U.S. to issue a proclamation that would stem Communist influence throughout the world. However, our zeal in that achievement sent our soldiers to die in Vietnam and Korea for a seemingly futile cause. It must be the policy of the U.S. to support free peoples. This is no more than a frank recognitions that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples . . .undermine the foundations of . . . peace and security of the United States. The Truman Doctrine would change the foreign policy of the United States and the world. This policy would first go in aid to support the democratic regimes in Turkey and Greece. These nations were being threatened by Soviet-supported rebels seeking to topple the government and install a Communist regime. The Soviets were also making extreme territorial demands especially concerning the Dardanelles. A direct influence of this Doctrine was, of course, the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was designed to give aid to any European country damaged during World War II. It tremendously helped ravaged European nations such as Italy and France. By helping them economically, the Marshall Plan indirectly helped to stem growing Communist sentiment in these countries. The process whereby the Truman Doctrine came to fruition was a long and arduous one. After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States stood at the pinnacle of world power. By the late '40's, the U.S.S.R. had caught up to the United States' nuclear weapons programs. In addition, they were very land-hungr... Free Essays on The Truman Doctrin Free Essays on The Truman Doctrin The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine was the impetus for the change in United States foreign policy, from isolationist to internationalists; thus we were drawn into two wars of containment and into world affairs. The Truman Doctrine led to a major change in U.S. foreign policy from its inception - aid to Turkey and Greece - to its indirect influence in Korea and Vietnam. The aftermath of World War II inspired the U.S. to issue a proclamation that would stem Communist influence throughout the world. However, our zeal in that achievement sent our soldiers to die in Vietnam and Korea for a seemingly futile cause. It must be the policy of the U.S. to support free peoples. This is no more than a frank recognitions that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples . . .undermine the foundations of . . . peace and security of the United States. The Truman Doctrine would change the foreign policy of the United States and the world. This policy would first go in aid to support the democratic regimes in Turkey and Greece. These nations were being threatened by Soviet-supported rebels seeking to topple the government and install a Communist regime. The Soviets were also making extreme territorial demands especially concerning the Dardanelles. A direct influence of this Doctrine was, of course, the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was designed to give aid to any European country damaged during World War II. It tremendously helped ravaged European nations such as Italy and France. By helping them economically, the Marshall Plan indirectly helped to stem growing Communist sentiment in these countries. The process whereby the Truman Doctrine came to fruition was a long and arduous one. After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States stood at the pinnacle of world power. By the late '40's, the U.S.S.R. had caught up to the United States' nuclear weapons programs. In addition, they were very land-hungr...

Should Yahoo have been forced to turn over Justin Ellsworth's email to Essay

Should Yahoo have been forced to turn over Justin Ellsworth's email to his Parents - Essay Example There is a view that the Yahoo management should have acted swiftly and handed over the email documents to the parents of the killed Marine soon after their asking without waiting for the court order. The argument that the Yahoo management should have been forced somehow to comply with the parents’ request without waiting for the court order does not stand logic as it would have itself violated its own privacy agreement in such a case. In declining to accept the parents’ request, Yahoo went purely by the deontological part of the ethics while ignoring the utilitarian part. Utilitarian theory of the ethics requires people to take into consideration the resulting consequences of a particular action (Grunig & White, 1992) on the people or events involved. Yahoo knows better that a utilitarian approach would sometimes lead to problems despite its positive effects. Yahoo must have carefully assessed the positive and Had Yahoo immediately handed over the email contents to the parents when they asked, they would have certainly felt happy and satisfied on that count. This is certainly a positive effect when viewed from the parents’ angle but it would have also produced its negative consequences for the Yahoo Management. In such a case, the company would have violated its own privacy policy of protecting the interests of its email users and attracted criticism. This was clear from the statement of the Yahoo spokeswoman Mary Osako who disclosed that they would abide by the court order and hand over the email contents to Justin’s parents indicating that they would never deviate from their well established privacy policy but would only act on the directions of a court of law (Chambers, 2005). Certainly, Yahoo followed the deontological theories of ethics which emphasize adherence to a stated policy and commitment to rules and regulations. The logic of the deontological

Property law (land law and law of equity and trusts) Essay

Property law (land law and law of equity and trusts) - Essay Example Section 53 (1)(c)states as follows: The purpose behind setting out this clause was to prevent fraud in hidden transfers of equitable interests and in order that trustees who hold the legal interests are able to identify those equitable interests. There is a conflict that arises in terms of the disposition of the legal owner of the trust as set out in the written instruments vis a vis the equitable owner/s or beneficiaries of the trust, since equity starts out in the form of a measure of â€Å"confidence reposed in some other† which imposes â€Å"a duty or aggregate accumulation of obligations† that connotes some beneficial interest2. Where the disposition of a trust has been set out in writing or by deed, the Courts must give effect to it. In fact, the law of formalities has created inflexibility in some cases and there have been instances where the interests of beneficiaries have been compromised. For example, in the case of Re Diplock3 that concerned the disposition of a trust, the general principle th at was laid down was clarified by Pettitt, who states that whenever there is an initial fiduciary relationship, the beneficial owner of an equitable proprietary interest in property can trace it into the hands of anyone holding the property except a bona-fide purchaser for value without notice4. Property held in trust for a beneficiary is generally meant to be assigned on the basis of equity and though the process of tracing is helpful to locate beneficial interests in a trust, Petitt clarifies that this is only possible to the extent that the fund can be followed and identified; if on the facts of any individual case, such continued existence is not established, equity is helpless.†5†¦..(422 words) (a) Certainty of intention: This is based upon the equitable maxim that equity looks to intent rather than form, as set out in the case of Paul v Constance6, where the Court inferred the presence of a trust in spite

Energy Saving By Using Solar Panels Engineering Essay

Energy Saving By Using Solar Panels Engineering Essay Climate change concerns, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, and increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the global financial crisis better than many other sectors. Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat, which are renewable because they are naturally replenished at a constant rate. About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. Si nce its emergence; renewable energy has come a long way. In was not until the 1970s that environmentalists promoted the development of alternative energy both as a replacement for the eventual depletion of oil, as well as for an escape from dependence on oil; it was at that stage that the first wind turbines appeared. On the other hand, solar had always been used for heating and cooling, but solar panels were too costly to build solar farms, until 1980. The reason why have chosen the topic of solar heating systems; solar energy for my dissertation is because among the various renewable energy sources, solar energy is one of the crucial energy sources, if not the most crucial. According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the worlds electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. Before doing this report, I have to admit that the knowledge that I had regarding solar energy or solar energy systems was minimal. But since starting working on this report, I think, I have come a long way; yet, I have to admit, there has been done so much research in this field, in the past couple of decade that I would still have to go a long way before I would consider myself a specialist. This report should cater towards any individual who had heard of the solar energy, solar energy systems and how they could benefit from it. T his report also gives a brief insight into, where solar energy system (solar energy) is headed in the future. A far as the structure of my report is concerned, I will be looking into the history of solar energy, the solar energy itself, solar energy collectors solar panels; Furthermore, I would also be looking at the benefits of solar energy systems for us and the consequences, if any. On the other hand, I would also be analysing economic issues related to solar energy systems such as: the cost of heating a house or a building by the means of solar energy contra to contemporary means. Last but not the least I would be summarizing the advantages that I have discussed as well as look at some disadvantages, if there are any. I will sum up the whole report with a conclusion, thanks beforehand. History of solar energy Before we delve into the discussion of why solar energy is so needed in the world today, well first look into what solar energy really is. By definition, solar energy is that beaming light and heat that is generated from the sun. Solar energy has been used by human beings since time immemorial. The radiation that comes from solar energy along with the resultant solar energized resources such as wave power, wind, biomass and hydroelectricity all give an explanation for most of the accessible renewable energy that is present on earth. However, only an infinitesimal portion of the existing solar energy is used. Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. For example, ancient cultures used energy from the sun to keep warm by starting fires with it. Ancient Egyptians built places to live that allowed stored energy from the sun during the day, and a heat release during the night. This kind of architecture: heated homes at night while keeping the temperature low during the day; buildings were designed so that, walls and floors collected solar heat during the day, that was released at night to keep them warm. If you have ever stood in the sun to get warm then you too have utilized solar thermal energy. Egyptians also used the sun as part of their mummification process, using the sun to dry dead bodies. The Egyptians used a form of passive solar power. 3rd Century B.C., Greek soldiers with the help of Archimedes, focused light on a Roman fleet by using mirrors. The Romans were invading a port city that did not have defenses ready for the attack. The mirrors were used to concentrate the energy of the sun, and cause the fleets sails to burn. The Romans retreated and the Greeks were able to prevent the invasion. The Greeks used passive solar power. 100 A.D. a historical writer by the name of Pliny the Younger, built a house in the northern part of Italy that had mica windows in one room. This one particular room demonstrated solar heating in that its mica windows stored heat, and later gave it off. This room was useful because the added heat it generated lessened the amount of wood that had to be burnt, to maintain heat. Roman bath houses had famous south facing windows that heated the rooms. Native Americans also built houses that used passive solar power. Houses were built into the side of cliffs or hills to allow storage of heat during the day, and a release of heat at night. In 1767, the worlds first solar collector was built by Swiss scientist Horace de Saussare. They also kept their homes warm through passive solar energy designs The discovery of photovoltaic happened in 1839 when the French physicist Edmond Becquerel first showed photovoltaic activity. Edmond had found that electrical current in certain materials could be increased when exposed to light. 66 years later, in 1905, we gained an understanding of Edmonds work, when the famous physicist Albert Einstein clearly described the photoelectric effect, the principle on which photovoltaic are based. In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for his theories on the photoelectric effect. Solar cells of practical use have been available since the mid 1950s when ATT Labs first developed 6% efficient silicon solar cells. By 1960 Hoffman Electronics increased commercial solar cell efficiencies to as much as 14% and today, researchers have developed cells with more than 20% efficiencies. 20% efficient means that out of the total energy that hits the surface of a solar cell; about 20% is converted into usable electricity. The first long-term practical application of PV cells was in satellite systems. In 1958 the Vanguard I, was launched into space. It was the first orbiting vehicle to be powered by solar energy. Photovoltaic silicon solar cells provided the electrical power to the satellite until 1964 when the system was shut down. The solar power system was so successful that PVs have been a part of world-wide satellite space programs ever since. The sun provides endless nonpolluting energy to the satellite power systems and demand for solar cells has risen as a result of the telecommunications revolution and need for satellites. The energy crisis and oil embargos of the 1970s made many nations aware of their dependency on controlled non-renewable energy sources and this fueled exploration of alternative energy sources. This included further research into renewable sources such as solar power, wind power and geothermal power. An economic breakthrough occurred in the 1970s when Dr. Elliot Berman was able to design a less expensive solar cell bringing the price down from $100 per watt to $20 per watt. This huge cost savings opened up a large number of applications that were not considered before because of high costs. These applications included railroads, lighthouses, off-shore oil rigs, buoys, and remote homes. For some countries and many applications, solar energy is now considered a primary energy source, not an alternative. Solar energy Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. In my report, I would only be looking into a few of the above mentioned solar power harnessing techniques, due to the fact that there is a limitation towards, how much material I can present in my dissertation. Solar cell A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristics e.g. current, voltage, or resistance vary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source. Passive solar or active solar Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate. The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere .Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earths surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Earths land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earths surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14  °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. Yearly Solar fluxes Human Energy Consumption Solar 3,850,000 Wind 2,250 EJ Biomass 3,000 EJ Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ The total solar energy absorbed by Earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earths non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined Solar energy can be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. How solar power works Light (photons) striking certain compounds, in particular metals, causes the surface of the material to emit electrons. Light striking other compounds causes the material to accept electrons. It is the combination of these two compounds that can be made use of to cause electrons to flow through a conductor, and thereby create electricity. This phenomenon is called the photo-electric effect. Photovoltaic means sunlight converted into a flow of electrons (electricity). . Passive solar heating In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesnt involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices. The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or retrofitted. http://www.iklimnet.com/save/eco_images/five_elements_passive.gif Passive energy gain Passive solar technologies use sunlight without active mechanical systems (as contrasted to active solar). Such technologies convert sunlight into usable heat (water, air, and thermal mass), cause air-movement for ventilating, or future use, with little use of other energy sources. A common example is a solarium on the equator-side of a building. Passive cooling is the use of the same design principles to reduce summer cooling requirements. Some passive systems use a small amount of conventional energy to control dampers, shutters, night insulation, and other devices that enhance solar energy collection, storage, and use, and reduce undesirable heat transfer. Passive solar technologies include direct and indirect solar gain for space heating, solar water heating systems based on the thermo siphon or geyser pump, use of thermal mass and phase-change materials for slowing indoor air temperature swings, solar cookers, the solar chimney for enhancing natural ventilation, and earth sheltering. More widely, passive solar technologies include the solar furnace and solar forge, but these typically require some external energy for aligning their concentrating mirrors or receivers, and historically have not proven to be practical or cost effective for widespread use. Low-grade energy needs, such as space and water heating, have proven, over time, to be better applications for passive use of solar energy. Pragmatic approach to a productive passive solar energy Many detached suburban houses can achieve reductions in heating expense without obvious changes to their appearance, comfort or usability. This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater. Sunrays may fall on a wall during the daytime and raise the temperature of its thermal mass. This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening. This can be a problem in the summer, especially on western walls in areas with high degree day cooling requirements. External shading, or a radiant barrier plus air gap, may be used to reduce undesirable summer solar gain. Active solar heating systems Active solar technologies are employed to convert solar energy into another more useful form of energy. This would normally be a conversion to heat or electrical energy. Inside a building this energy would be used for heating, cooling, or off-setting other energy use or costs. Active solar uses electrical or mechanical equipment for this conversion. Solar energy collection and utilization systems that do not use external energy, such as a solar chimney, are classified as passive solar technologies. Passive solar relies on the inherent thermo-dynamic properties of the system or materials to operate. They do not need external energy sources. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyNCQjSVfJkYVB7M3frpomVuBHx4r-Nb7y9lKhexF1Wb0UDJbyeLGNbOi_YV6L5Ebgr7vML4Ez22XB4470WNEIRqR85Die1raP5cyXzYDia94GCHX6uVNGoKw_z4BZPif8o-QjiX5KOXoA/s1600/active-solar-heating.jpg Solar hot water systems, except those based on the thermo siphon, use pumps or fans to circulate fluid (often a mixture of water and glycol to prevent freezing during winter periods) or air, through solar collectors, and are therefore classified under active solar technology. The basic benefit of active systems is that controls (usually electrical) can be used to maximize their effectiveness. For example a passive solar thermal array which does not rely on pumps and sensors will only start circulating when a certain amount of internal energy has built up in the system. Using sensors and pumps, a relatively small amount of energy (i.e. that used to power a pump and controller) can harvest a far larger amount of available thermal energy by switching on as soon as a useful temperature differential becomes present. Controls also allow a greater variety of choices for utilizing the energy that becomes available. For example a solar thermal array could heat a swimming pool on a relatively cool morning where heating a domestic hot water cylinder was impractical due to the different stored water temperatures. Later in the day as the temperature rises the controls could be used to switch the solar heated water over to the cylinder instead. The downside to Active Solar systems is that the external power sources can fail (probably rendering them useless), and the controls need maintenance. How to buy solar panels solar water heating Shower Solar water heating can meet about a third of your hot water needs, research conducted by a UK research magazine. A solar water heating system (also known as solar thermal system) uses panels fitted to your roof to heat water for use around the home. A typical solar hot water system is able to meet around a third of a households hot water needs a saving of  £55 to  £80 on your annual water-heating bills, based on a three-bedroom semi-detached house. Householders installing solar water heating systems can get  £300 through the governments Renewable Heat Incentive Premium Payment scheme. Choosing a solar water heating system When choosing a solar water heating system, youll need to consider four major factors: your average hot water use the area of south-facing roof available your existing water heating system your budget. Youll need roughly one square meter of collector area per person in the household. Each metre of panel area will need between 30 and 60 litres of water tank volume. If you use a less efficient collector (such as flat-plate solar water heating panels), youll need to cover a larger area than if you use a more efficient collector (such as evacuated tubes). Youll also need to select system components (such as a hot water cylinder, controls and pipe work) and choose the location for your solar panels, considering shade, pipe runs, roof pitch and future access. Solar water heating installation There are plenty of solar panel installers out there, so I recommend that you always collect a range of quotes to compare. Cost effectiveness of solar water heating systems In my opinion developing common industry standards and offering public incentives is important. He emphasizes that creating public awareness programs is the key to having success in this industry, including a cleaner environment and more jobs as a consequence. It is clear that installing the application is easy for households since the technology is less complicated and cheaper than PV. According to The Solar Guide, the payback period for an investment in a solar water heating system is 3 to 5 years, although it may vary a lot in different countries due to national standards and differences in manufacturing quality. The return of investment depends on the system and the current fuel source that is being used to heat the water. It makes more sense to install a combi-system (hot water+space heating) whereby a 12-20 sq-m would completely cover a households water heating demand and a substantial part of its space heating demand in spring and in autumn. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SolarTrackerRoofView300W200H.jpg/220px-SolarTrackerRoofView300W200H.jpg Solar trackers may be driven by active or passive solar technology Most solar collectors are fixed in their array position mounting, but can have a higher performance if they track the path of the sun through the sky (however it is unusual for thermal collectors to be mounted in this way). Solar trackers, used to orient solar arrays may be driven by either passive or active technology, and can have a significant gain in energy yield over the course of a year when compared to a fixed array. Again passive solar tracking would rely on the inherent thermo-dynamic properties of the materials used in the system rather than an external power source to generate its tracking movement. Active Solar Tracking would utilize sensors and motors track the path of the sun across the sky. This action can be caused by geographical and time data being programmed into the controls. However, some systems actually track the brightest point in the sky using light sensors, and manufacturers claim this can add a significant extra yield over and above geographical tracking. How does Solar Thermal work? The basic mechanism of solar thermal energy is to collect the solar radiation and transfer the heat directly or indirectly to its final destination via a heat transfer medium usually a fluid. The most commonly used applications are Domestic Hot water (DHW), Combined DHW and Space Heating, District Heating, Solar Cooling and Air-Conditioning. High Temperature Solar Thermal Electricity Generation is also among solar thermal applications. (e.g. solar tower and parabolic through applications). The key component of the solar thermal systems is the collectors which can be divided into two groups: Unglazed collectors have been used in the industry for a long time, mainly for heating open-air swimming pools. There is no heat exchanger in the system, and the water is flowing directly through long thin tubes. It is cheap and easy to install. Due to the simplicity of unglazed collectors, they cannot fulfill the needs for delivering full-time energy. Unglazed collectors are mainly used in the USA and in Australia. Glazed collectors are much more efficient in supplying continuous heating and achieving higher temperatures than unglazed ones. Glazed collectors are usually rectangular boxes covered by glass, containing little pipes and tubes and a heat absorbing material inside. There are different types of collectors for different means of use. Glazed collectors are commonly used in China, Europe and the Middle East. Solar thermal collector A solar thermal collector is a solar collector designed to collect heat by absorbing sunlight. The term is applied to solar hot water panels, but may also be used to denote more complex installations such as solar parabolic, solar trough and solar towers or simpler installations such as solar air heat. The more complex collectors are generally used in solar power plants where solar heat is used to generate electricity by heating water to produce steam which drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. The simpler collectors are typically used for supplemental space heating in residential and commercial buildings. A collector is a device for converting the energy in solar radiation into a more usable or storable form. The energy in sunlight is in the form of electromagnetic radiation from the infrared (long) to the ultraviolet (short) wavelengths. The solar energy striking the Earths surface depends on weather conditions, as well as location and orientation of the surface, b ut overall, it averages about 1,000 watts per square meter under clear skies with the surface directly perpendicular to the suns rays. A solar collector works to convert and concentrate solar energy into a more usable form. For example, a thermal collector may use a parabolic array of mirrors to focus, direct, and reflect the light of the sun to a smaller point where the heat can be used to drive some sort of turbine engine by heating the driving fluid. Another type of collector may use a flat panel array of solar photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy directly into electricity. Some metals exhibit a photoelectric property whereby when the metal is exposed to light, it causes electrons to be emitted. These metals may be arranged in a valence-covalence band configuration which generates the actual voltage within the array. Types of solar collectors for heat Solar collectors fall into two general categories: non-concentrating and concentrating. In the non-concentrating type, the collector area (i.e., the area that intercepts the solar radiation) is the same as the absorber area (i.e., the area absorbing the radiation). In these types the whole solar panel absorbs the light. Flat-plate and evacuated-tube solar collectors are used to collect heat for space heating, domestic hot water or cooling with an absorption chiller. Types of solar collectors for electricity generation Parabolic troughs, dishes and towers described in this section are used almost exclusively in solar power generating stations or for research purposes. Although simple, these solar concentrators are quite far from the theoretical maximum concentration. For example, the parabolic trough concentration is about 1/3 of the theoretical maximum for the same acceptance angle, that is, for the same overall tolerances for the system. Approaching the theoretical maximum may be achieved by using more elaborate concentrators based on non-imaging optics. Parabolic trough http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Parabolic_trough.svg/250px-Parabolic_trough.svg.png Parabolic torough This type of collector is generally used in solar power plants. A trough-shaped parabolic reflector is used to concentrate sunlight on an insulated tube (Dewar tube) or heat pipe, placed at the focal point, containing coolant which transfers heat from the collectors to the boilers in the power station. Parabolic dish http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Parabolic-dish.jpg/220px-Parabolic-dish.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png Solar Parabolic dish It is the most powerful type of collector. One or more parabolic dishes concentrate solar energy at a single focal point, -similar to a reflecting telescope which focuses starlight, or to a dish antenna used to focus radio waves. This geometry may be used in solar furnaces and solar power plants. There are two key phenomena to understand in order to comprehend the design of a parabolic dish. One is that the shape of a parabola is defined such that incoming rays which are parallel to the dishs axis will be reflected toward the focus, no matter where on the dish they arrive. The second key is that the light rays from the sun arriving at the Earths surface are almost completely parallel. So if the dish can be aligned with its axis pointing at the sun, almost all of the incoming radiation will be reflected towards the focal point of the dish-most losses are due to imperfections in the parabolic shape and imperfect reflection. Losses due to atmosphere between the dish and its focal point are minimal, as the dish is generally designed specifically to be small enough that this factor is insignificant on a clear, sunny day. Compare this though with some other designs, and you will see that this could be an important factor, and if the local weather is hazy, or foggy, it may reduce the efficiency of a parabolic dish significantly. In dish-stirling power plant designs, a Stirling engine coupled to a dynamo is placed at the focus of the dish, which absorbs the heat of the incident solar radiation, and converts it into electricity. (Solar) Power tower A power tower is a large tower surrounded by tracking mirrors called heliostats. These mirrors align themselves and focus sunlight on the receiver at the top of tower, collected heat is transferred to a power station below. Advantages Very high temperatures reached. High temperatures are suitable for electricity generation using conventional methods like steam turbine or some direct high temperature chemical reaction. Good efficiency. By concentrating sunlight current systems can get better efficiency than simple solar cells. A larger area can be covered by using relatively inexpensive mirrors rather than using expensive. Concentrated light can be redirected to a suitable location via. For example illuminating buildings. Heat storage for power production during cloudy and overnight conditions can be accomplished, often by underground tank storage of heated fluids. Molten salts have been used to good effect. Disadvantages Concentrating systems require sun tracking to maintain Sunlight focus at the collector. Inability to provide power in diffused light conditions. Solar Cells are able to provide some output even if the sky becomes a little bit cloudy, but power output from concentrating systems drop drastically in cloudy conditions as diffused light cannot be concentrated passively. Solar panel A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. Theory and construction Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic panels use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial panel shading, to